Saturday, April 27, 2013

Hash Table Separate Chaining and Open Addressing Program in CPP/C++



#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int aryi=0;

template <class T>
class Node{
public:
T data;
Node<T> * Next;

Node(){
data = aryi++;
Next = NULL;

}
};

template <class T>
class List{
public:
Node<T> * head;

List(){
head = new Node<T>;
}

void addnode(int & x){
Node<T> * cur = head;
if(cur==NULL){
//For first node
cur->data = x;
cur->Next = NULL;
}
else{


while(cur->Next != NULL){
cur = cur->Next;
}
//New Node Creation
Node<T> * NewNode = new Node<T>;
NewNode->data = x;
NewNode->Next = cur->Next;
cur->Next = NewNode;


}
}

void showdata(){
Node<T> * cur = head->Next;
while(cur!=NULL){
cout<<"--"<<cur->data;
cur=cur->Next;
}
}
};

int convertasc(string & word){

int asc = 0;
int total = 0; //FOR TOTAL THE WHOLE WORD IN ASCII

for(int i=0; i< (int)word.length(); i++){

asc = (int) word[i];
total += asc;

}

return total;
}

template <class T>
class OpenAddr{
T totsize, modin;
T * ary;

public:
OpenAddr(T modindex, T size){
ary = new T[modin];
modin=modindex;
totsize=size;
}

void createHash(string & word){
int total = convertasc(word);
int mod = total % modin;

ary[mod] = total;
}

void displayOpenAddr(){
for(int i=0; i<modin; i++){
cout<<"--"<<ary[i]<<"--\n";

}
}

void searchOpenAddr(string & word){
int total = convertasc(word);
int mod = total % modin;

if(ary[mod] == total){
cout<<"\nString :: "<<word<<" :: Index :: "<<mod;
return;
}else
cout<<"\n STRING NOT FOUND";
}
};

template <class T>
class SEPChain{
List<T> * ary;
T totsize, modin;


public:
SEPChain(T modindex, T size){
ary = new List<T>[modindex];
modin=modindex;
totsize=size;
}

void creatHash(string & word){
int total = convertasc(word);
int mod = total % modin;
ary[mod].addnode(total);
}

void displaySEPChain(){
for(int i=0; i<modin; i++){
Node<T> * curr = ary[i].head;
while(curr != NULL){
cout<<"--"<<curr->data;
curr = curr->Next;
}
cout<<"\n\n";
}
}

void serachSEPChain(string & word){
int total = convertasc(word);
int mod = total % modin;

Node<T> * curr = ary[mod].head->Next;
T index = 0;
while(curr != NULL){
if(curr->data == total){
cout<<"\n"<<"String :: "<<word<<" :: Index :: "<<mod<<" :: Chain Index ::"<<index;
return;
}
index++;
curr = curr->Next;
}
cout<<"\n String NOT FOUND\n";
}
};
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if(argc < 2){
cout<<"\n Please Enter a File Name:\n\n\n";
return 0;
}
argv++;

fstream input(*argv);
string word;
int count = 0, modindex;
cout<<"Your Input::->> ";
while(input>>word){
cout<<word<<" ";
count++;
}
cout<<"\n";
modindex= count * (0.75);

if(modindex < 1){
modindex = 1;
}

SEPChain<int> SEPC(modindex,count);
OpenAddr<int> OpenC(modindex,count);

cout<<"\nseparate chaining:\n";
fstream inp(*argv);
while(inp>>word){
SEPC.creatHash(word);
OpenC.createHash(word);

}

SEPC.displaySEPChain();

cout<<"\nOpen Addressing with Replacement:\n";

OpenC.displayOpenAddr();

cout<<"\nSearch Indexing of the string (both Sep. Chain & Open Addressing with Replacement:\n\n";
fstream in(*argv);
while(in>>word){
SEPC.serachSEPChain(word);
OpenC.searchOpenAddr(word);
cout<<"\n\n";
}


return 0;
}

Breadth First Search (BFS) and Depth First Search (DFS) Program in C++/CPP


#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;


template <class T>
class Stack{
private:
int max_size, top;
T * list;
public:
Stack(T size){
max_size = size;
top = 0;
list = new T[max_size];
}
bool isEmpty(){
return (top <= 0);
}
bool isFull(){
return (top >=max_size);
}
void push(const T& item){
if(!isFull()){
list[top] = item;
top++;
}
}
T pop(){
if(!isEmpty()){
top--;
}
return list[top];
}

T Top(){
return list[top-1];
}
};

//Queue Implementation
template <class T>
class Queue {
private:
int Qmax, count, Qf, Qr;
T * list;

public:
Queue(int size){
Qmax = size;
Qf = 0;
Qr = Qmax - 1;
count = 0;
list = new T[Qmax];
}

bool isEmpty(){
return (count == 0);
}

bool isFull(){
return (count == Qmax);
}

void addQueue(const T &element){
if(!isFull()){
Qr = (Qr + 1 ) % Qmax;
count++;
list[Qr] = element;
}
}

T FindFront(){
return list[Qf];
}

T DeleteQueue(){
T x;
if(!isEmpty()){
x = list[Qf];
count--;
Qf = (Qf + 1) % Qmax;
return x;
}else
return 100;
}


};



void revisit(int *visited, int size){
for(int i=0; i<size; i++){
visited[i] = 0;
}
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if(argc < 2){
cout<<"\n Please Enter a File Name:\n\n\n";
return 0;
}
argv++;

fstream input(*argv);  //Input as a file name at run time( from command line)

int size;

if(input>>size) cout<<"\nMatrix of: "<<size<<"*"<<size<<endl;
else return 0;

int adjmat[size][size];
int visited[size];

for(int i=0; i<size; i++){
for(int j=0; j<size; j++){
input>>adjmat[i][j];
}
}



cout<<"\nAdj. Matrix:\n";
for(int i=0; i<size; i++){
for(int j=0; j<size; j++){
cout<<adjmat[i][j]<<" ";
}
cout<<"\n";
}


//BFS(adjmat,size,visited);
cout<<"\n\nBreadth First Search:\n";
revisit(visited,size);
Queue<int> bfs(size);
{
int v = 0, w ;

bfs.addQueue(v);
visited[v] = 1;


while(!bfs.isEmpty()){

w = bfs.DeleteQueue();

cout<<w<<"--";

if(w==100){continue;}

for(int i = 0; i<size; i++){
if(adjmat[w][i] == 1 && visited[i] == 0){
bfs.addQueue(i);
visited[i] = 1;
}
}


}
cout<<"\n";
}
//bfs code ends here


//DFS Code Starts From Here
cout<<"\n\nDepth First Search:\n";
Stack<int> dfs(size);
revisit(visited,size);
{
int v = 0;
cout<<v<<"--";
dfs.push(v);
visited[0] = 1;

while(!dfs.isEmpty()){

for(int i=0; i<size; i++){
if(adjmat[v][i] == 1 && visited[i] == 0){
cout<<i<<"--";
dfs.push(i);
visited[i] = 1;
v = i;
i=0;
}
}

v = dfs.pop();

}
cout<<"\n";
//DFS Code ends Here



//Biparted Graph
{
revisit(visited,size);
int colored[size];
revisit(colored,size);
Queue<int> Bipart(size);
int v = 0, x;
visited[v] = 1;
colored[v] = 3;

for(int i = 0; i<size; i++){
if(adjmat[v][i] == 1 && visited[i] == 0){
Bipart.addQueue(i);
visited[i] = 1;
colored[i] = 4;
}
}

while(!Bipart.isEmpty()){
x = Bipart.DeleteQueue();
for(int i=0; i<size; i++){
if(adjmat[x][i] == 1 && visited[i] == 1 && colored[x]==colored[i]){
cout<<"\n\n Not a Biparted Graph\n\n";
return 0;
}
}

for(int j=0; j<size; j++){
if(adjmat[x][j] == 1 && visited[j] == 0){
Bipart.addQueue(j);
visited[j] = 1;
if(colored[x] == 3){
colored[j] = 4;
}else colored[j] = 3;
}
}
}

cout<<"\n\nBiparted Graph\n";

}
//Biparted graph ends here
}
return 0;
}

Problem Description: Food Chain Management System


Food Chain Management System

The computerized system which holds and keep the digitized record of all the tiny and vital processes including farming food, keeping them into bifurcated categorized raw material, make available to factories and shape it to the final product to the customer. Food chain management system is all about the food supply and its management. There are numerous companies which provide the services of FCMS. McDonalds, KFC, Nutrilite, Dominos, Pizza Hut, Reliance Fresh, Star Bazar, Futurebazaar, Reliance Mart, are one of the giant FCMS companies working in India. The progression of FCMS starts from the food market yard. Farmers vend their sowed product to the massive corporate companies. The FMCS keeps all the track record of this raw material including its prices, weights and many other properties. Then this raw material is ready to convert and start towards the final shape of the product. So the system decides the quantity of raw material for the each factory as per the demand of that particular product. FCMS also keeps the record of production, distribution and retails. To understand the process of the FCMS, we need to understand and study the process of the any one commercial giant. So let me elucidate the process of Reliance Fresh. Reliance Fresh buys the vegetables, fruits and other goods from the farmers and comprises them under the Reliance brand and sells it to the clienteles. Reliance Fresh itself contains sub FCM systems under one roof of own FCMS. They offer many FCMS products like Maggi, Nutrilite, Parle, Britannia, Sunfeast, and many more. The computerized system gives the flexibility to maintain the food and its distribution and sells. It is easy to find the total sales amount, analyze the data and procedure that to make an edifying grid of retail.
Food is the critical item in supply chain management. Essential guidelines pertaining to distribution need to be strictly followed by respective food or Beverages Company to reach to the consumer market. There has to be other major roles in food chain whether it is processed food or unprocessed food. There is always urgent need to take actions towards process integration along with the value chain to the organization of flexible and responsive network. Cooperation and integration could focus on many different functions such as planning, quality management, research, logistics, knowledge, sales, procurement, information management, marketing, packaging, production, etc.

The Actors who represents their active or passive role in Food Chain Management are suppliers, primary producers, processors, manufactures and retailers which have consumers as the final customers. Its strategic development and operational improvements involves long term commitment and major investment. A specific strategic development concerns about huge amount investment in electronic network for tracking and tracing food. Even the major concern is to provide cost effective and consistent food product to consumers without affecting basic price. It is crucial for organization to build a low-cost supply chain operation which takes costs out of the system and in turn gives them greater pricing flexibility in the marketplace. Reliable and cost effective supply chain management plays an important role in the area of cost. Today’s scenario gives us roughly idea about nearly 40% of the customers place their order either from home or office. Promotional cost also plays important role in food chain management. Instead of parking huge investment in prime locations they need to manage call centers to bring better result. The organization needs to effectively distribute job responsibilities to various processors. The other way is to outsource the partially processed product from different processors but it might increase the cost of finished product.
An Organization needs to focus on changing consumer needs. In order to sustain in capricious environment they must have to adapt new developments in technology, production, management, communication, organization or cooperation and on the establishment of trust between all stakeholders along the food chain including consumer.
Here below is the model of Food Chain from Farm to Store which shows us what is exactly going on practically?







Food Chain Management System (FCMS) has four stages:
1.      e procurement
E-procurement (electronic procurement)or supplier exchange is the business to business  or  business-to-consumer  or business-to-government purchase and sale of  supplies, work, and  services through the Internet as well as other information and networking systems, such      as electronic data interchange and enterprise resource planning. E-procurement is done with a software application that includes features for supplier management and complex auctions. The new generation of e-Procurement is now on-demand or a software-as-a-service (SaaS). The e-procurement value chain consists of indent management, eTendering, eAuctioning, vendor management, catalogue management, and contract management. Indent management is the workflow involved in the preparation of tenders. This part of the value chain is optional, with individual procuring departments defining their indenting process. In works procurement, administrative approval and technical sanction are obtained in electronic format. In food procurement, indent generation activity is done online.
2.      Warehousing
A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc.
3.      Transportation
4.      Retailing


RETAIL POSSESSION IN INDIA
Ideology in the retail commerce is considered to be exclusive element of the Indian neighborhood hundred and thousands of bazaars, mandis and haats are located across the full length and span of India by people’s self-management and managerial capability. From weekly markets, to fairs and village melas, to the appearance of the mom-and-pop stores (kirans) across region, to the organization of public allocation through ration shops, finally the commercial retail formats stepped into the attention witch include restricted product outlet, supermarkets and hypermarkets, shopping malls and subdivision stores. India’s retail sector countryside has been undergoing a conversion and is the fastest increasing sector in the Indian economy. The entire landscape of organized retail in India has experienced the varied formats of food retailing such as the supermarkets, hypermarkets, departmental stores and neighborhood.


FARM TO FORK MODEL


The path from food source to the point of final service is called the farm to fork continuum. The source is where the food item originates. This could be a farm where produce is grown, a sea from which fish are harvested, a dairy farm or beef cattle operation, and so on. It could also be freshwater aquaculture.
Processing/manufacturing includes all the steps along the food chain that prepare a food item for distribution. In the case of produce, this encompasses everything from washing produce and preparing it for sale, to pasteurization or low acidity canning.
Distribution includes everything from storage and warehousing, repacking, reprocessing, and transport to the next point in the continuum. Sometimes distribution involves multiple points.
Point of final service includes every place where food is purchased and/or consumed, from delis, cafeterias, restaurants, grocery stores, and so on, to the home.








Point of Final Service (Food Establishment System)

 

Each point along the farm to fork continuum represents its own unique system. For example, a restaurant is an example of a system.

The outcome of the system (food served to customers) is influenced by inputs (such as ingredients, organisms, chemicals) and processes (such as storing, preparing, cooking, and serving) that make up the system. Internal system variables such as food workers, equipment, and the economics also influence the outcome.
EHS-Net uses system theory to identify environmental antecedents (underlying factors) to illness and disease outbreaks.
The software is quickly becoming a must-have solution for businesses with complex labor needs, including those that employ a large number of workers who get paid on an hourly basis.
Food Markets, a privately-owned retail grocer operating many stores, is one of these businesses. Food market was utilizing multiple, non-integrated applications to oversee its scheduling and workforce management processes. This time-consuming system resulted in difficulty controlling overtime and trouble comparing an employee's scheduled hours to their actual hours.

To remedy these issues, Food Markets decided to adopt an integrated and comprehensive workforce management solution. Within months, the food store chain and a workforce management company called JDA had implemented the system in all of the company's locations.
Using the software, Food market is now able to monitor the each store's sales-per-labor hour numbers and make staffing adjustments as needed. The solution uses POS and customer traffic information to forecast potential workforce needs in 15-minute intervals. Food market effectively reduced its labor-scheduling process by as much as 75 percent and lessened overtime by more than 4,000 hours in the first quarter of 2009, according to a JDA case study. Furthermore, the chain of stores was able to use the workforce management software to lower labor costs by 10 to 15 percent due to a "minimum hours" policy that was instituted. Food market also reported that the workforce management software helped increase store manager visibility, enhance worker productivity and accelerate checkout time. In addition, the solution was found to improve customer service by assuring that an adequate number of employees are always on the floor and at the registers.

The vegetables were collected from farmers and brought to collection centers where payments and quality checks were done. These units were then transferred to the processing and
Distribution centers with the help of Reliance’s own logistics. The products having processed here were then distributed to the various local Reliance fresh outlets. The product range offered by Reliance Fresh at its outlets is as given in the exhibit below..

From the point of view of the store operation excitement among the people who there was a decline in no of people visiting the precarious situation and forced them to revisit their long term strategy. People started comparing the fate of Reliance Fresh with other existing retail stores which were not doing well due to the some reasons: Operating costs were very high. Rent for shops at prime areas, salaries of supplyions and given to stir such opposition, all standalone food & grocery stores.

Food Chain Management is a web based grower record system for crop and field based activity records, for managing large numbers of individual growers.  The application allows growers to maintain and update individual crop records, specifically pesticides and fertilizers, to ensure safe use is monitored and assured.
The software gathers all field information and enables the grower to upload and manage all fields and farms and audit chemical applications against pesticide protocols.
With the increased need to access and input data from any location, Food Chain Management embraces the latest handheld technologies, delivering instant information at the point required, so whoever undertakes the task – and wherever they are based – routines are completed quickly and efficiently and transferred rapidly, avoiding unnecessary duplication of effort and speeding up operational processes.

System has comprehensive, easy-to-use, farm recording solutions that manage all aspects of crop production, in a harsh outdoor environment. The system, a web-based Grower record system for crop and field based activity records for managing large numbers of individual growers. The system is a PC and mobile based recording system for the management of all aspects of crop and field based activities.  Assists and manages the burden of legislative compliance for agronomists and farmers.
Food management system T&T (Track and Trace) is a complete pack house management system. It is flexible and modular in design - therefore suitable for both small pack-houses with simple processes, and larger multi product pack houses with complex multi product operations. From raw material to final product, processes can be accurately controlled and monitored to drive out waste and costs and deliver full traceability. Integration data provides the invaluable link in the traceability chain from pack-house back to grower site. New or existing back office finance or ERP solutions can be integrated to deliver the ideal pack-house management solution. With its ability to consolidate and manage large quantities of uniquely referenced data, Green light Track and Trace ensures essential information is accessible at any point in the procurement process. This enables it to be instantly modified and updated, reinforcing the entire information process from quality management through to the control of logistics. With the increased need to access and input data from any location, Green light embraces the latest handheld technologies, delivering instant information at the point required, so whoever undertakes the task – and wherever they are based – routines are completed quickly and efficiently and transferred rapidly, avoiding unnecessary duplication of effort and speeding up operational processes. Intelligent auditing features constantly check conformity and compliance against any given specifications, minimizing error and reducing risk. So, at every point, Greenlight can help you to monitor a consignment’s status and security, confirm its past and control its future.

 As we have studied the various problems and workflow of the food chain management system, the process from farm to fork is managed by the central computerized system. The raw material from the farmer passes to the supplier and to the factory to shape it to the final product and the product is served with the any famous brand name which handles the food chain management system.



Food Chain Management System: SRS (System Requirement Specification)












Software Requirements
Specification
for
Food Chain Management System
















Prepared by:

Maulik Dave (201212026)
Jay Parikh (201212036)




Description of the Problem
Food Chain Management System

The computerized system which holds and keep the digitized record of all the tiny and vital processes including farming food, keeping them into bifurcated categorized raw material, make available to factories and shape it to the final product to the customer. Food chain management system is all about the food supply and its management. There are numerous companies which provide the services of FCMS. McDonalds, KFC, Nutrilite, Dominos, Pizza Hut, Reliance Fresh, Star Bazar, Futurebazaar, Reliance Mart, are one of the giant FCMS companies working in India. The progression of FCMS starts from the food market yard. Farmers vend their sowed product to the massive corporate companies. The FMCS keeps all the track record of this raw material including its prices, weights and many other properties. Then this raw material is ready to convert and start towards the final shape of the product. So the system decides the quantity of raw material for the each factory as per the demand of that particular product. FCMS also keeps the record of production, distribution and retails. To understand the process of the FCMS, we need to understand and study the process of the any one commercial giant. So let me elucidate the process of Reliance Fresh. Reliance Fresh buys the vegetables, fruits and other goods from the farmers and comprises them under the Reliance brand and sells it to the clienteles. Reliance Fresh itself contains sub FCM systems under one roof of own FCMS. They offer many FCMS products like Maggi, Nutrilite, Parle, Britannia, Sunfeast, and many more. The computerized system gives the flexibility to maintain the food and its distribution and sells. It is easy to find the total sales amount, analyze the data and procedure that to make an edifying grid of retail.

Food is the critical item in supply chain management. Essential guidelines pertaining to distribution need to be strictly followed by respective food or Beverages Company to reach to the consumer market. There has to be other major roles in food chain whether it is processed food or unprocessed food. There is always urgent need to take actions towards process integration along with the value chain to the organization of flexible and responsive network. Cooperation and integration could focus on many different functions such as planning, quality management, research, logistics, knowledge, sales, procurement, information management, marketing, packaging, production, etc.

The Actors who represents their active or passive role in Food Chain Management are suppliers, primary producers, processors, manufactures and retailers which have consumers as the final customers. Its strategic development and operational improvements involves long term commitment and major investment. A specific strategic development concerns about huge amount investment in electronic network for tracking and tracing food. Even the major concern is to provide cost effective and consistent food product to consumers without affecting basic price. It is crucial for organization to build a low-cost supply chain operation which takes costs out of the system and in turn gives them greater pricing flexibility in the marketplace. Reliable and cost effective supply chain management plays an important role in the area of cost. Today’s scenario gives us roughly idea about nearly 40% of the customers place their order either from home or office. Promotional cost also plays important role in food chain management. Instead of parking huge investment in prime locations they need to manage call centers to bring better result. The organization needs to effectively distribute job responsibilities to various processors. The other way is to outsource the partially processed product from different processors but it might increase the cost of finished product.
An Organization needs to focus on changing consumer needs. In order to sustain in capricious environment they must have to adapt new developments in technology, production, management, communication, organization or cooperation and on the establishment of trust between all stakeholders along the food chain including consumer.
Here below is the model of Food Chain from Farm to Store which shows us what is exactly going on practically?







Food Chain Management System (FCMS) has four stages:

1.      e procurement
E-procurement (electronic procurement)or supplier exchange is the business to business  or  business-to-consumer  or business-to-government purchase and sale of  supplies, work, and  services through the Internet as well as other information and networking systems, such      as electronic data interchange and enterprise resource planning. E-procurement is done with a software application that includes features for supplier management and complex auctions. The new generation of e-Procurement is now on-demand or a software-as-a-service (SaaS). The e-procurement value chain consists of indent management, eTendering, eAuctioning, vendor management, catalogue management, and contract management. Indent management is the workflow involved in the preparation of tenders. This part of the value chain is optional, with individual procuring departments defining their indenting process. In works procurement, administrative approval and technical sanction are obtained in electronic format. In food procurement, indent generation activity is done online.

2.      Warehousing
A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc.

3.      Transportation
Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, including roads, airways, such as airports, railway stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations), and seaports.
4.      Retailing
Retail is the sale of goods and services from individuals or businesses to the end-user. Retailers are part of an integrated system called the supply chain. A retailer purchases goods or products in large quantities from manufacturers directly or through a wholesale, and then sells smaller quantities to the consumer for a profit. Retailing can be done in either fixed locations like stores or markets, door-to-door or by delivery. Retailing includes subordinated services, such as delivery. The term "retailer" is also applied where a service provider services the needs of a large number of individuals, such as a public. Shops may be on residential streets, streets with few or no houses or in a shopping mall. Shopping streets may be for pedestrians only. Sometimes a shopping street has a partial or full roof to protect customers from precipitation. Online retailing, a type of electronic commerce used for business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions and mail order, are forms of non-shop retailing.


RETAIL POSSESSION IN INDIA

Ideology in the retail commerce is considered to be exclusive element of the Indian neighborhood hundred and thousands of bazaars, mandis and haats are located across the full length and span of India by people’s self-management and managerial capability. From weekly markets, to fairs and village melas, to the appearance of the mom-and-pop stores (kirans) across region, to the organization of public allocation through ration shops, finally the commercial retail formats stepped into the attention witch include restricted product outlet, supermarkets and hypermarkets, shopping malls and subdivision stores. India’s retail sector countryside has been undergoing a conversion and is the fastest increasing sector in the Indian economy. The entire landscape of organized retail in India has experienced the varied formats of food retailing such as the supermarkets, hypermarkets, departmental stores and neighborhood.



FARM TO FORK MODEL


The path from food source to the point of final service is called the farm to fork continuum. The source is where the food item originates. This could be a farm where produce is grown, a sea from which fish are harvested, a dairy farm or beef cattle operation, and so on. It could also be freshwater aquaculture.

Processing/manufacturing includes all the steps along the food chain that prepare a food item for distribution. In the case of produce, this encompasses everything from washing produce and preparing it for sale, to pasteurization or low acidity canning.

Distribution includes everything from storage and warehousing, repacking, reprocessing, and transport to the next point in the continuum. Sometimes distribution involves multiple points.

Point of final service includes every place where food is purchased and/or consumed, from delis, cafeterias, restaurants, grocery stores, and so on, to the home.









Point of Final Service (Food Establishment System)

 

Each point along the farm to fork continuum represents its own unique system. For example, a restaurant is an example of a system.

The outcome of the system (food served to customers) is influenced by inputs (such as ingredients, organisms, chemicals) and processes (such as storing, preparing, cooking, and serving) that make up the system. Internal system variables such as food workers, equipment, and the economics also influence the outcome.
EHS-Net uses system theory to identify environmental antecedents (underlying factors) to illness and disease outbreaks.
The software is quickly becoming a must-have solution for businesses with complex labor needs, including those that employ a large number of workers who get paid on an hourly basis.
Food Markets, a privately-owned retail grocer operating many stores, is one of these businesses. Food market was utilizing multiple, non-integrated applications to oversee its scheduling and workforce management processes. This time-consuming system resulted in difficulty controlling overtime and trouble comparing an employee's scheduled hours to their actual hours.


To remedy these issues, Food Markets decided to adopt an integrated and comprehensive workforce management solution. Within months, the food store chain and a workforce management company called JDA had implemented the system in all of the company's locations.

Using the software, Food market is now able to monitor the each store's sales-per-labor hour numbers and make staffing adjustments as needed. The solution uses POS and customer traffic information to forecast potential workforce needs in 15-minute intervals. Food market effectively reduced its labor-scheduling process by as much as 75 percent and lessened overtime by more than 4,000 hours in the first quarter of 2009, according to a JDA case study. Furthermore, the chain of stores was able to use the workforce management software to lower labor costs by 10 to 15 percent due to a "minimum hours" policy that was instituted. Food market also reported that the workforce management software helped increase store manager visibility, enhance worker productivity and accelerate checkout time. In addition, the solution was found to improve customer service by assuring that an adequate number of employees are always on the floor and at the registers.

The vegetables were collected from farmers and brought to collection centers where payments and quality checks were done. These units were then transferred to the processing and
Distribution centers with the help of Reliance’s own logistics. The products having processed here were then distributed to the various local Reliance fresh outlets. The product range offered by Reliance Fresh at its outlets is as given in the exhibit below..

From the point of view of the store operation excitement among the people who there was a decline in no of people visiting the precarious situation and forced them to revisit their long term strategy. People started comparing the fate of Reliance Fresh with other existing retail stores which were not doing well due to the some reasons: Operating costs were very high. Rent for shops at prime areas, salaries of supplyions and given to stir such opposition, all standalone food & grocery stores.
Food Chain Management is a web based grower record system for crop and field based activity records, for managing large numbers of individual growers.  The application allows growers to maintain and update individual crop records, specifically pesticides and fertilizers, to ensure safe use is monitored and assured.
The software gathers all field information and enables the grower to upload and manage all fields and farms and audit chemical applications against pesticide protocols.
With the increased need to access and input data from any location, Food Chain Management embraces the latest handheld technologies, delivering instant information at the point required, so whoever undertakes the task – and wherever they are based – routines are completed quickly and efficiently and transferred rapidly, avoiding unnecessary duplication of effort and speeding up operational processes.

System has comprehensive, easy-to-use, farm recording solutions that manage all aspects of crop production, in a harsh outdoor environment. The system, a web-based Grower record system for crop and field based activity records for managing large numbers of individual growers. The system is a PC and mobile based recording system for the management of all aspects of crop and field based activities.  Assists and manages the burden of legislative compliance for agronomists and farmers.
Food management system T&T (Track and Trace) is a complete pack house management system. It is flexible and modular in design - therefore suitable for both small pack-houses with simple processes, and larger multi product pack houses with complex multi product operations. From raw material to final product, processes can be accurately controlled and monitored to drive out waste and costs and deliver full traceability. Integration data provides the invaluable link in the traceability chain from pack-house back to grower site. New or existing back office finance or ERP solutions can be integrated to deliver the ideal pack-house management solution. With its ability to consolidate and manage large quantities of uniquely referenced data, Green light Track and Trace ensures essential information is accessible at any point in the procurement process. This enables it to be instantly modified and updated, reinforcing the entire information process from quality management through to the control of logistics. With the increased need to access and input data from any location, Green light embraces the latest handheld technologies, delivering instant information at the point required, so whoever undertakes the task – and wherever they are based – routines are completed quickly and efficiently and transferred rapidly, avoiding unnecessary duplication of effort and speeding up operational processes. Intelligent auditing features constantly check conformity and compliance against any given specifications, minimizing error and reducing risk. So, at every point, Greenlight can help you to monitor a consignment’s status and security, confirm its past and control its future.

 As we have studied the various problems and workflow of the food chain management system, the process from farm to fork is managed by the central computerized system. The raw material from the farmer passes to the supplier and to the factory to shape it to the final product and the product is served with the any famous brand name which handles the food chain management system.




Background Reading:
Background reading of the system will provide key ideas, terminology to help us to gain a better understanding of the topic and can also provide ideas for narrowing the focus of our definition/topic if needed. There are several research papers, white papers and magazine articles wrote on the Food Chain Management. Some of the most important and related to our definition are explained briefly.
Case Study:
1. A McCain Foods Case Study:
How McCain Respond to changes in the external environment?
McCain food had been started by McCain Brothers in early 1957. They had a simple philosophy ‘Good ethics in good business’ .The message lies behind McCain brand is ‘It’s All Good’. They have simple terminology behind this message. It is not just the food that is good. The philosophy refers to the way McCain works with its suppliers and builds its relationship with customers. They believe it is important to take care of the environment, the community and its people. It works with around 300 farmers in the UK, chosen for the quality of their potato crop. McCain factories are located in key potato growing areas, which help to reduce food miles.
Further more they are on the verge of reducing their impacts on environment by installing 125m high wind turbines to generate electricity for their food manufacturing plants. They also are giving back to the community by contributing recourses to both local and national projects.


Supply chains are becoming even more complex, particularly with in the fresh product supply chain. Universal supply is now common and factors such as huge statistics of minute scale growers, diversity of natural features, cultures and a growing tendency for fresh create to be packed at source must be accounted for. Quality Control is one major part of solutions that is gaining huge popularity within retailers and manufacturers. The quality control provides features for managing product quality specifications and the scheduling and completion of product and facility checks and assessments. Centralized administration of product provision and assessments ensures accurate version control; restricted editing and updating to the live environment could not be easier. Tracking and tracing is the major concern for both small pack-houses with simple processes, and larger multiproduct pack houses with complex multi product operations. From raw material to final product, processes can be accurately controlled and monitored to drive out waste and costs and deliver full traceability. Managing information on elements such as grower details, location details, products supplied, industry certifications, proposed pesticide usage is significantly improved through this collaborative exchange.

Case Study:
Jubilant Food Works Limited Case Study:
Basically the parent partner company Domino’s Pizza International had made an association with Jubilant Food Works to develop and operate Domino's Pizza brand with the exclusive rights for India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. This provides them the ability to use Domino’s globally renowned brand name, as well as operational support for pizza and food technology (such as recipes), commissary and logistics supervision support, global promotion and vendor expansion. This association with Domino's provides them with the technological, promotional and operational expertise to compete effectively with other restaurants in the ready to bake consumer food industry in India. What they did to successfully penetrate in Indian food industry is that they had setup their commissaries located at Noida, Bangalore, Kolkata and Mumbai through a dedicated cold chain network. They are not procuring the raw materials by themselves but they are working with reputed vendors like Del Monte, Vector Foods, Venky’s, ITC Foods etc. The critical role they play in ensuring timely delivery of raw materials, which helps JFW to maintain the quality and taste. With their operational discipline and identical internal processes they were globally rated among top 3 in operational excellence consecutively for 4 years. They have achieved cost effectiveness without even performing cost cutting but focus on cost management and procurement processes. Methods resembling centralized sourcing from a most favorable number of vendors, expansion of logistics model to optimize logistics cost are adopted to make possible reduction of manufacturing cost and to cause cost-efficiency. They have launched online ordering system through which they can reach to the customers. They have implemented revenue generation techniques like hand held order taking terminals, CRM and customer satisfaction tracking tools. Even they promise a delivery guarantee of 30 minutes or free on every order.
Link:
http://jubilantfoodworks.com/wp-content/themes/river-of-ilver/pdf/annualReport2011.pdf

IT enabled systems may use data-scanning by incorporating bar codes or RFID Identification systems which can be read automatically for raw materials or during the process. These inputs can speed up data recording for traceability and reduce errors in data entry. Some components of a fully automated system may be expensive; most components of the systems are independently designed so that they can be incorporated with each other in a staged way. The cost of training may also be high in initial implementation phases, but it is critical that the system is understood and fits into the working prototype of the staff.
A food chain traceability coordination system would be characterized by a backbone of connectivity between robust databases which can be able to connect to national/local users. The system would need to operate with constant connectivity. Some of the data might be held locally either within the management system of a business or associated with the item itself, e.g. with barcodes or RFID as appropriate or in combination. When connectivity is achieved at a key point of the chain, the cache of information on the item could be updated.

Sometimes the difficulties in development and operation has identified some major limitations and constraints due to a lack of trust between players; fragmented industry/supplier bodies and even reluctance to take risk. Product tracking in systems is critically dependent on the recording of information accurately through the food chain. There is therefore a great degree of trust and responsibility placed on every supplier or operator in the food chain.

Authentication and evaluation of tracking systems is therefore currently according to goals, rather than simply defining an ideal system. Product tracking systems may be checked to see if they meet the following goals:
- Providing trace of order to forwards and backwards.
- Establish clear manufacturing plan for continuous production.
- Be comprehensive and include all materials and ingredients.
- Give a response in an appropriate time.

Interview

Interview of Store Manager

System: Food Chain Management
Participants: Domino’s Assistant Store Manager

Date:   30-1-2013                    Time: 5:30 PM
Duration: 30 minutes             Place: Domino’s Store, Sec-11, Gandhinagar

Purpose of Interview:
Preliminary meeting to classify problems and requirements regarding existing working model and modernization.

Agenda:

Issues in existing procurement process from the central commissaries.
How the workforce would be retained in current competitive market?
How would you deal to reduce the expenses of store and to be cost effective and profitable?
How would you maintain the stock in the inventory and also check with the ordered stock?
What are the difficulties are you facing in existing system?
How would you handle the situation when you ran out off the stock?

Documents to be brought to the interview:

Proposed plan for developing system.
Any documents related to existing working process.






Observations
Summary of Store Manager
System: Food Chain Management

Participants: Karan Assistant Manager at Domino’s

Date: 30-1-2013         Time: 5:30PM
Duration: 30 minutes             Place: Domino’s Store, Sec-11, Gandhinagar

Purpose of Interview:

Preliminary meeting to classify problems and requirements regarding existing working model and modernization.

1.      They have four central commissaries located at Noida, Mumbai, Kolkata and Bangalore along with the responsible to drive out functions in India. The problem they are facing is that they strictly need to be dependent on central commissaries for raw material and when there is crunch of shortage of raw material they will need to wait for material. So what he suggested is that they need to establish more central commissaries.

2.      They told us that Domino’s gives highest package in food chain industries with on hand salary and ESI scheme to every employee and also treat all the employees with equality.

3.      They have started initiative in which they have placed one box in store and if customer feels that they don’t need oregano or chili flakes then they put it in that box. Another thing is they have to control on their cheese usage so that they will get benefited.

4.      They must have to keep observation on previous track records of sales and based on that they need to place order in central commissaries. Also one thing is that they will only receive order on 3rd date on every month. So, need to be more cautious while placing order. One problem they are facing is, they must have to count each and every inventory record at the end of the day to match with the figure of inventory system. Also at the time of off-loading the stock they need to count things in the order. Domino’s has made tie up with Mehta Transport Company to transport their foods at 3 degree temperature to every store. Even their uniforms also at 3 degree temperature!!! They need to maintain all the food products below 3 degree temperature.

5.      They have to upload all the transaction record at the end of day to their Delhi based server.

6.      Sometimes when software system crashes or some physical system failure like oven problem. So in order to handle these issues they have their own maintenance team. They have their own IT team to handle system failure.


7.      There is no mechanism or processes to handle the situation of out-off order stock. Simply they must have to take care while placing orders otherwise they must have to borrow materials from nearby Domino’s store or sometime they have to say sorry to the customers due to unavailability of stock or need to suggest alternative.


Interview

Interview of Assistant Store Manager

System: Food Chain Management
Participants: Reliance Fresh’s Assistant Store Manager

Date:   31-1-2013                    Time: 4:30 PM
Duration: 30 minutes             Place: Reliance Fresh, Sector: 21, Gandhinagar

Purpose of Interview:
Preliminary meeting to understand the process and modules of food chain and its efficiency at Reliance Fresh.

Agenda:
Issues in accessible procurement process from the innermost commissaries.
How would you deal to reduce the expenses of store and to be cost effective and profitable?
How would you maintain the stock in the inventory and also check with the ordered stock?
What are the difficulties are you facing in existing system?
How would you handle the situation when you ran out off the stock?

Documents to be brought to the interview:
Proposed plan for developing system.
Any documents related to existing working process.



Observations

Summary of Store Manager

System: Food Chain Management
Participants: Purav, Marketing Manager, Reliance Fresh, Gandhinagar

Date: 31-1-2013                     Time: 4:30PM
Duration: 30 minutes             Place: Reliance Fresh, Sector: 21, Gandhinagar

Purpose of Interview:
Preliminary meeting to understand the process and modules of food chain and its efficiency at Reliance Fresh

1.      Reliance Fresh has efficient enough managerial source to manage all store in India. The company has central commissaries in each state in India. In Gujarat, they are having two central commissaries one is situated in Ahmedabad, which is nearest to Gandhinagar.  It is easy comparatively to supply food to each sub commissaries.

2.      For cost effective management, they have took many steps including computerized central system which is linked with each central commissaries and as well as main commissary. And they have also focused on data mining. And with the help of it they can easily manage the customers need, less food wastage and cost reduction.


3.      As they ordered for supply for food, they will have a figure for total items. As they receive that they fill all the data to the system by using barcode system which is more effective to reduce man work.

4.      The only difficulty they are facing is number of employees and if there is a system which can help to reduce the effect then it would be more beneficial for the company.


5.      Most of the time, we could not find any situation because of good managerial task taken by the central commissary, but if it happens then we can exchange the items from nearest store.

 

Questionnaire

Survey for Food Chain Management System
Please circle your answers to the following questions:

1)      Do you think the current food chain process takes lot of processing time and needs to have some modification?
No / Yes / at some extent / can’t say
2)      Do you face any problem in maintaining food items and its records?
No / Yes
Problems: (if Yes) _________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3)      Do you think this system helps to central commissaries to find total demand from different sub stores?
No / Yes
4)      How often you find the situation of food out of stock?
Once in a day / once in a week / twice in a week / No regular pattern
5)      Do you think that their should be some warning notification in the system for food indication to prevent out of stock?
Yes / No
6)      What kinds of problem do you face in big days like festivals and week-ends?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Name:
Organization:
Thank you for completing this questionnaire.
Fact Finding Chart

Objective

Technique

Subject(s)

Time Commitment

To get background on the current food chain management system.

Background reading

Case-study, Reports, Company reports, Research papers

2 days

To develop food chain process objectives.

Interview

Assistant Store Manager, Domino’s

45 minute

To identify problems and requirements regarding process evaluation with association.

Interview

Store manager, Reliance Fresh

45 minute

To identify problems and requirements regarding communication and process evaluation with companies.

Questionnaires

All the representatives of food dept.

2 Days






Documentation of Requirements Analysis

User Categories
·         Central Commissaries
o    Sales Manager
Sales Manager handles the entire sales related query and responsible to deliver requested stocks to stores across country. They work in integration with SCM Manager, Warehouse Manager.
o    Purchase Manager
Purchase Manager is responsible to purchase all the raw material from dealer and farmer and integrate with Quality Control Manager to handle issues of raw material.
o    HR Manager
HR Manager works to handle company resources and handle employee workforce.
o    SCM Manager
SCM Manager deals with product delivery and transportation to stores located across country. Handles end to end delivery and integrate work with Warehouse Manager, Sales Manager.
o    Quality Control Manager
Quality Control Manager is responsible to implement company policy and norms related quality of product to raw material as well as finished product. They work in integration with Purchase Manager and Product Manager.
o    Marketing Manager
Marketing Manager is responsible for the promotion and product branding of finished product. Develop various marketing strategies and make sure to implement it in stores spread across country. They work in integration with Sales Manager and Product Manager and Public Relation Manager.

o    Public Relation Manager
Public Relation Manager is responsible to handle advertisement campaign and media relation as well as handle companies’ external affairs department. They work in integration with Marketing Manager.
o    Product Manager
Product Manager develops production strategies and responsible to for the production from raw material to finished product. They work in integration with Sales Manager, Warehouse Manager, Quality Control Manager, and Marketing Manager.
o    Warehouse Manager
Warehouse Manager is responsible to maintain and keep inventory or storage of raw material as well as finished product. They work in integration with Product Manager, Sales Manager, and SCM Manager.

·         e-Procurement Process
o    Dealers for raw material
E-Procurement process is able to handle online procurement in which Purchase Manager will create and handle area wise dealer. The dealer is responsible for the procurement of raw material request which is generated by Purchase Manager.
o    Farmers
Farmers are also part of company in which they contribute in the growth of company by providing quality raw material. Farmers also have account in system in which they will be able to send and receive raw material request from Product Manager and reply accordingly.

·         Retail Outlets
o    Store Manager
Store Manager will assign to every store to handle and moderate the entire task performed at the stores.

o    Area Dealer or Area Sales Manager
Area Dealer or area sales manager is used to deal with the sells of final product of that particular area.

o    Account/Finance Manager
Account or Finance Manager will handle all the transaction regarding to finance like monitoring the salary transaction of each employees, sales and purchasing of food as well as extra cost of the system like marketing, transportation etc.

o    Customer
Customer is end user of the system who can purchase food from the ordering the food from online portal as well as from the stores.

·         Other Maintenance Team
o    IT Department
Information Technology Department is useful to handle all the queries regarding to the system from the retail stores, central commissionaires and online portal.

o    Operational Department
Operational Department will handle all the operations related with the all the operations starting from the purchasing the food to supplying the final product to all the stores.



List of Requirement for each Category
·         Central Commissaries
o    Handle Sales Operations
o    Handle Purchase Operations
o    Handle Admin and HR Operations
o    Handling Supply and Demand of all types of goods
o    Need to be strictly bound and follow Quality Control Norms of Company
o    Advertising and Brand Management Activities
o    Relation with consumers, wholesalers, News and Media
·         e-Procurement Process
o    Manage the raw material dealers located across geographical area
o    Farmers or co-operative society, who have direct connection with company
·         Retail Outlets
o    Handling routine store activities and subordinates in store
o    Handling all the operations of stores in specific geographical area
o    Account needs to handle all the transaction activity in retail operation
o    Products ready to consume for customer
·         Other Maintenance Team
o    Handling IT network and software issues across stores
o    Operation department needs to resolve any of the operational issue faced by Commissary or Store






Assumption:
·         Users have a knowledge regarding the functioning
·         Information given is authentic
·         User have genuine operations to perform
·         Required information is always provide in correct format
·         Store Managers are only liked with the Food Chain
Constraints:
·         Manual work for counting the product and managing them
·         Multiple access to same information cause problems
·         System response time is crucial, specially in Big days like festivals, and week ends
·         Nearest stores aren't connected with each other with system